The Future of Agriculture

CALLUS INDUCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION (Review Article)

Aysar Almemary — 2021-01-07

The science of plant tissue culture is the science of developing plant cells, tissues, or organs
isolated from the mother plant or cell protoplast on culture media (George et al., 2008). The technology of plant
tissue is one of the biotechnologies that led and still plays an important role in the service of man, especially in
the field of propagation of many types of plants because of the advantages of this method, perhaps the most
important of which is obtaining huge numbers of plants without pathogens and similar to the mother plant at a
time relatively short and at any time of the year, in addition to using this technology in research and application
fields, including breeding Plant improvement, production of medicinal drugs, drugs, and rapid breeding
multiplication are among the applications of great importance that are followed by different methods of
differentiation and formal formation such as the formation of transverse buds, stimulation of the growth of
axillary buds and the development of asexual embryos (somatic embryos) as well as a study of the basic aspects
of plant growth and development and secondary metabolism (Al-Kinani, 2002; Ford, 2000; Kasumi et al., 2004
and Gupta et al., 2006).

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF Phoenix dactylifera L. HAYANI cv. EMBRYOGENIC CALLUS AND SOMATIC EMBRYOS TO SALT STRESS UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS

Rasha Arafa — 2021-01-07

Salinity stress as a major abiotic stress has influenced more than 6% of the world land which is
increasing daily due to climate changes. The effect of salinity on callus regeneration and organogenesis of date
palm was tested under in vitro conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salt stress on
callus proliferation, somatic embryo formation of ‘Hayani’ date palm in vitro. The embryogenic callus was
subjected to MS medium with BA at 0.05 mg/l and NAA at 0.1 mg/l supplied with different sodium chloride
(NaCl) concentrations (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) for 2 subcultures. Salinity affects several
physiological and biochemical processes. The investigated parameters include embryogenic callus growth,
differentiation to form somatic embryos, fresh weight of both callus and embryos, biochemical analysis such as
total carbohydrates, proline, protein content and minerals in embryogenic callus and somatic embryos. Low
levels of abiotic stress factors can induce favorable responses in the growth and differentiation. However, high
levels are detrimental resulting in reduced growth and some cell death. The callus fresh weight and the number
of embryos were enhanced by adding 500 and 1000 ppm NaCl to the proliferation medium; higher salt
concentrations affected the callus regeneration negatively, where at 2000 ppm NaCl the less somatic embryos
were formed. High concentrations of NaCl (1500 and 2000 ppm) decreased total soluble carbohydrates in both
embryogenic callus and somatic embryos, proline content increased gradually as the external concentration of
NaCl increased and the protein content decreased in both embryogenic callus and somatic embryos with the
increase of NaCl concentration in culture media to 2000 ppm. Salinity inhibits water uptake and increases the
concentration of toxic ions such as Na+
and reduced the K+ content. Tissue culture with the use of this technique
would allow selection for salt tolerance in the date palm. In fact, somatic embryos subjected to 500 and 1000
ppm NaCl concentrations were successfully regenerated into plantlets.

EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3) ON GROWTH AND SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS (Review Article)

Angham AL-Chalabi — 2021-01-07

Gibberellin is one of the hormones produced by modern plant leaves and values
developing in the roots and stems, and through studies on the GA3 its effect on the characteristics of
the plant. The gibberellic acid was distinguished by its ability to cross the senses of many plants .and
the increase in the number of leaves, the speed of the treated seed germination, the percentage of
chlorophyll, the fresh and dry weight of the vegetative system.in addition to many other
characteristics of added plants. It has different concentrations of this acid, especially when compared
with the comparison treatment or with other substances interfering with it.